chapter seven: STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATABASE

hello! heres are sum of the note from chapter seven. enjoy :)

1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL

A relational database is a core, a system for storing and using data based upon the relationships among the elements of data. 

Different as databases may be in size, they are generally always structured according to one of three database models:

Relational = Nowadays, new installations of database management systems are almost exclusively of the relational type. Organizations that

already have a major investment in hierarchical or network technology

may add to the existing model, but groups that have no need to maintain

compatibility with “legacy systems” nearly always choose the relational

model for their databases.

Hierarchical = Hierarchical databases are aptly named because they have

a simple hierarchical structure that allows fast data access. They suffer

from redundancy problems and a structural inflexibility that makes database modification difficult.

Network = Network databases have minimal redundancy but pay for that

advantage with structural complexity.

A cube is one way to illustrate relations among data as it helps to visualize data intersections. While it is easiest for us to picture a three-dimensional cube, a relational database stores data in many dimensions. 

2.THE ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DATABASE

increased flexibility      

increased information security   

 increased information integrity

reduced information redundancy

 increased scalability and performance

3. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & RELATIONSHIP WITH WEBSITE

   - A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of programs that enables you to store,modify, and extract information from a database.

- It also provides users with tools to add, delete, access, modify, and analyze data stored in one location.

-  A group can access the data by using query and reporting tools that are part of the DBMS or by using application programs specifically written to access the data. 

- DBMS also provide the method for maintaining the integrity of stored data, running security and users access, and recovering information if the system fails

- Many DBMS also include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts. Database and database management system are essential to all areas of business, they must be carefully managed.

Consider for example, a company selling sports cars. A database is created with information on each of its currently available cars e.g. make, model, engine details, year, a photograph, etc. A visitor to the website clicks on Porsche, the visitor enters the price range that they are interested in and hits 'Go'. The visitor is presented with information on available Porsche cars in their price range and an invitation to purchase or request more information from the company. The company has the ability to add new cars to the database, remove them or modify existing entries - this is achieved via a secure administration area on the website.

customer can click faster and the other page can appear as far as possible.

this is an example of website that people can surfing the internet. Google, Mozilla, Explore and etc.

4. WHY ORGANIZATION WOULD WANT TO INTEGRATE ITS DATABASE?

Data integration refers to the organization’s inventory of data and information assets as well as the tools, strategies and philosophies by which fragmented data assets are aligned to support business goals.

company want to integrate its database because they will connect,communicate,dealing and having relation with its customer everyday. Everyday its customers will open the webpage and search anything appear on the page. Therefore, if the product still available or not available the supplier must inform the customers immediately.Publish the information on the web page to make the customers realize that the product exist or not in the market. Then, when the customers got information they will not too disappointed and not waiting too long. Customers satisfy, the business relationship between sellers and customers will be good.

ok thats all for now. catch ya later! :)

chapter six : VALUING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

hi. now i will proceed to chapter six. we will start with what is organizational information.

Information granularity  refers to the extent of detail within the information ( fine and detailed or coarse and abstract ). For example if employees are using a supply chain management system to make a decisions ,they might find that their suppliers send information in different formats and granularity.

level, formats, and granularities of organizational information.

THE VALUE OF TRANSACTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL INFORMATION

•Transactional information

– encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks

•Analytical information 

– encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.Organizations capture and store transactional information in databases and use it when performing operational tasks and repetitive decisions such as analyzing daily sales reports and production schedules

•Transactional information 

·   examples include withdrawing cash from an ATM, making an airline reservation, purchasing stocks

·   Compile a list of additional transactional information examples

·   These could include daily sales, hourly employee payroll, product orders, shipping an order

•Analytical information

·   includes transactional information

·   Analytical information also includes external organizational information such as market, industry, and economic conditions

·   Analytical information is used to make ad-hoc decisions

·   Analytical information examples include trends, sales, product statistics, and future growth projections

·   Compile a list of additional analytical information examples

·   These could include cost/benefit analysis, sales forecast, market trends, industry trends, and regulations

·   •Ask your students to compile a list of the different types of ad-hoc decisions a business might base on analytical information

·   These could include building a new plant, hiring or reducing workforces, introducing a new product

Poor Information

Poor information happened when some of the information are not completed or missing and this make the information are not accurate, inability to track customers. With the poor information, its difficult for the organizational to make a right decision because of poor information happened.

High Information

High quality of information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision and directly increase an organization's bottom line. But if the organizational have high quality information, that's not guarantee that can make a good decision because obviously people ultimately make decisions. So, if the organizational have a high quality of information but the people in the organizational do not use the information accurately, it will be nothing.

chapter five : ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

hi! today we gonna learn a new thing. which chapter five. so let see what is come out from this chapter!

first we have to know about the IT roles and responsibility. there are five position usually in an organization. it is :

1. Chief Information Officer (CIO)

     CIO to ensure effective communications between business and IT personnel. A wide function of in CIO is manager to ensure the delivery of all IT project, on time and within budget. Next, leader is the wide functions of a CIO for make sure the strategic vision of IT in the organization. Furthermore, communicator must building and maintaining strong executive relationship.

2. Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

     CTO responsible for ensuring the throughout, speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of an organization’s information technology.

     Similar to CIOs but CIOs take on the additional responsibility usefulness of ensure that IT is associated with the organization’s strategic initiatives.

3.  Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) 

      CPO responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information. This role is regarding the use of personal information, including medical data and financial information, and laws and regulations.

4. Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

     CKO responsible for collecting, maintaining and distribution the organization’s knowledge. Those who hold this position have to manage intellectual capital and the custodian of knowledge management practices in an organization.
5. Chief Security Officer (CSO)

     The CSO generally serves as the business leader responsible for the development, implementation and management of the organization’s corporate security vision, strategy and programs. They direct staff in identifying, developing, implementing and maintaining security processes across the organization to reduce risks, respond to incidents, and limit exposure to liability in all areas of financial, physical, and personal risk; establish appropriate standards and risk controls associated with intellectual property; and direct the establishment and implementation of policies and procedures related to data security.

ok now let see the gap between business personnel and IT personnel.

• business personnel possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting and sales.
• IT personnel have the technological expertise.
• this typically causes a communications gap between the business personnel and IT personnel.

how to improve the communication in an organization?

• business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT
• IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of business
• it is the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between personnel and IT personnel.

have you ever heard about ethics and security? let me reveal what the heaven is that.

ethics is the principles and standards that guide our behavior towards other people. privacy is a major ethical issues, and the issues are affecting by the technology advances. security on the other hand, is the right to be left alone when you want to have control over your own personnel possession and not to be observed without your consent.

ok thats all for now! thank you! :D

chapter four : MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

hi there! its been a long time i've not updating my blog. hee sorry! so today we going to chapter four, and will start with the definition of  metrics. 
metrics is a measurement by which is efficiency, performance, progress or quality of a plan, process or product can be assessed. Got it? Great! ok lets move to another new term in IT. Efficiency and Effectiveness.
efficiency : - measure the part performance of the IT system itself including throughput, speed and
                     availability
                   - getting the most from each resources.
                   - focuses on the extent to which an organization is using its resources in an optional way.

effectiveness : - measure the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customer
                            satisfaction, conversion rates and self-through increases.
                         - setting the right goals and objectives and ensuring they are accomplished.
                         - focuses how well an organization is achieving its goals and objectives.

now, let see what is benchmarking.
benchmarking is the a process of continuously measuring system result, comparing those result to optimal system performance (benchmark value), and identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance.

there is an interrelationship of efficiency and effectiveness IT metrics.

for efficiency,

Throughput	The amount of information that can travel  through a system at any point.
Transaction speed	The amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction.
System availability	The number of hours a system is available for user.
Information accuracy	The extent to which a system generates the correct results when executing the same transaction numerous times.
Web traffic	Include a host of benchmarks, such as the number of pages, the number of unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing the web page.
Response time	The time it takes to respond to user interactions such as a mouse click.

for effectiveness,

Usability	The ease with which the people perform the transactions and find information.
Customer satisfaction	Measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction surveys, percentage of existing customers retained, and increases in revenue dollars per customer.
Conversion rates	The number of customers an organization ‘touch’ for the first time and persuades to purchase its products or services.
Financial	Such as return on investment (the earning power of an organization’s asset).

                         

security is an issue for any organization offering products or services over the internet. it is inefficient for an organization to implement internet security slow it slow down processing.

• however, to be effective it must implement internet security.
• secure internet connections must offer encryption and secure sockets layers (SSL denoted by the lock symbol in the lower right corner of browser)

interrelationships between efficiency and effectiveness.

now lets move to metrics for strategic initiatives. there are a few metrics use, including website metrics, SCM metrics, CRM metrics, BPR metrics, ERP metrics.

 for Website metrics, there are a few terms that we must remember. it is :-

Abandoned registrations	Number of visitors who start the process of completing a registration page and then abandon the activity.
Abandoned shopping carts	Number of visitors who create a shopping cart and shopping and then abandon the activity before paying for the merchandise
Click-through	Count of the number of people who visit a site, click on an ad, and are taken to the site of the advertiser.
Cost-per-thousand (CPM)	Sales dollars generated per dollar of advertising.
Conversion rate	Percentage of potential customer who visit a site and actually buy something.
Page exposures	Average number of page exposures to an individual visitor.
Total hits	Number of visitors to a website, many which may be the same visitor.
Unique visitors	Number of unique visitors to a site in a given time.

for SCM metrics,

Back order	An unfilled customer order.
Customer order promised cycle time	The anticipated of agreed upon cycle time of a purchase order.
Customer order actual cycle time	The average time it takes to actually fill a customer’s purchase order.
Inventory replenishment cycle time	Measure of the manufacturing cycle time plus time included to deploy the product to the appropriate distribution center.
Inventory turns (inventory turnover)	The number of times that a company’s inventory cycles or turn over per year.

for CRM metrics,

Sales metrics	Service metrics	Marketing metrics
Number of prospective customer	Cases closed same day	Number of marketing campaigns
Number of new customers	Number of cases handled by agent	New customer retention rates
Number of open lead	Average number of service request by type	Number of purchases by marketing campaign
Number of sales calls	Average time to resolution	Revenue generated by marketing campaign.

BPR and ERP metrics,
the balanced scorecard enables organizations to measure and manage strategic initiatives.